In 1954, Ato Tedla arrested Dedjazmatch Abraham Tessema, leader of the Liberal Unionist Party, while the leaders of the Eritrean labour union Ato Woldab Woldemariam was so harassed that he fled to Cairo.

A man is arrested in the street without law or ordinance and is imprisoned without justice and leaves prison without justice. As proof it is possible to cite the injustice against Dejatch Abraha Tessemma and his family, of which you will have heard".(see letter's 1954)

Despite Ato Tedla Bairou, the Eritrean Chief Executive, showed his loyalty by intimading, harassing, and arresting those who opposed the unconstitional action during the term he was in power, the Emperor ordered him to resign in July 1955. According to Killon’s explanation (1991:103) Tedla Bairu dictatorial methods led to a revolt in the Assembly in 1955, which forced the resignation of Tedla Bairu. Another version of the reason for his resignation was the growing Ethiopian interference undermining Eritrean autonomy but this was resisted by the Chief Executive which led to the hostile relationship between the Chief Executive and the Representative of the Emperor in Eritrea.(Bereketab, 2000:172)

In August, 1955, the emperor replaced Ato Tedla Bairou with his own representatives, Asfeha Woldemichael. Bitweded Asfha Welde Mikael was the architect and engineer of ending the Federation and attaining Union between Ethiopia and Eritrea.

Ali Radia was also forced to resign along with Tedla Bairu. Ali Radia President of Eritrean Parliament 1952- to July 1955. He was replaced by Idris Mohammed Adem who joined the Unionist camp towards the end of 1950 which enabled him to become president of Eritrean parliament in 1955

Eritrean Departmental Secretaries, Sepetember 1955
courtesy Jelal Yasin

in 1957,  Idris Mohammed Adem was also forced by the chief executive to resign due to implementation of an Electoral Law with the Chief Executive, Asfaha Wolde-Mikae’el. ( Patemen 1990: 72) in his book states that Article 45 of the Constitution stipulated the establishment of an independent commission to conduct the elections. This was never implemented. Idris Mohammed Adem was replaced by Melake Selam Dimetros G/Mariam - Staunch Pro-Unionist Figure who Helped Effect the Transition from Ethiopia-Eritrea Federation to Union.

After Idris Mohammed Adem was forced to resign from his post, in the spring of 1959, Idris Mohammed Adem went to exile with Ibrahim Sultan , eventhough he was split from ML in disagreement with Ibrahim Sultan and joined Unionist party in 1949. Acoording to Negash (1997:134) In the early 1959 Ibrahim Sultan escaped from Tessenei to the Sudan.He was joined by a group of ten to tewlve people, the most important of whom was Idris Mohammed Adem, the last president of the Eritrea Assembly.

Tedla Ugbit who supported the Pro-Ethiopian polices that led to Annexation, and his deputy, Goitom Gebrezghi, police Commander of Asmara, was instrumental in suppressing the 1958 General Strike. During the general strike and demonstrations of 1958 the British consul noted that the majority were Christian and that UP members were “mostly very anti-Ethiopia ( Pool, 2001:53). During the attempted coup of 1960, Mengistu Neway, leader of the coup communicated with General Tedla Uqbit requiring him to secure the borders as the military committee which he lead had decided to recognize Eritrea’s independence. But the Eritrean General rejected the offer and preferred to welcome the Emperor in Asmara, on his way from Sudan (Ali, 2007) . As a result of this, the coup was failed and the Emperor returned to the capital on December 17, 1960.

In May 1960 the Assembly changed the name of the government to « Eritrean Administration under Haile Selassie, Emperor of Ethiopia ». On the same year, the third Eritrean Assembly were held on September 5-7 1960 and the three Bitweded Asfha Welde Mikael, Melake Selam Dimetros G/Mariam and Sheikh Hamid Ferej Hamid as Chief Executive , President and Vice President . A week later 300-400 students went on strike in Asmera demanding the restoration of the Eritrea Flag, seal and arms, they were imprisoned.

On 14 November 1962, the federal government was dissolved by the Ethiopian government in violation of UN 390(AV) Resolution. In this process, the Ethiopian Emperor Haile Sellassie used armed force to intimidate members of parliament and illegally abolished the federation, declaring Eritrea as another province of the Empire. Unfortunately, there was no reaction at all from the UN and the international communities, despite the statement of Dr. Mantienzo the chairman of the UN Commission on Eritrea in 1950.

Tedla Ogbit who was active in the assembly intimidating members  and interrogated ELM (Haraka) members was recruited by Tuku’e Yehadego’e .After Annexation, Tedla Ogbit, Goitom and Second in-command Zemariam-Azazi, were flown to Addis Ababa and entertained by Haile Selassie. Nonetheless, Tedla Ogbit had a change of heart following annexation and on June 11, 1963 was found shot to death in his office after he had apparently been involved in a plot to restore Eritrea’s independent status. This plot was part of the larger ELM plan to infiltrate the Eritrean police and use them to carry out an anti-Ethiopian coup d’état through the plan never materialized, many Eritrean police were sympathetic to the nationalist movement. Immediately after Tedla’s death, police headquarters was surrounded by Ethiopian troops and a number of leading Eritreans were detained. Zemarian Azazi replaces Tedls and was promoted to Brigadier-General ( Killion 1991: 341) (source for the photo J.Yasin

During that time several members expressed their opposition, such as Muhammad Omar Akito, an Afar representative from Assab who refused to vote in favour, and some of the UP leaders also began to regret what they had done as a mistake in the 1940s, for supporting union with Ethiopia rather than Independence, and others such as the Eritrean chief of police Tedla Ogbit who played active role in abolishing the federal government by intimidating members of assembly ; he repented later and attempted to join the Eritrean resistance movement Patemen (1990:73). As a result of the Ethiopian government dissolving the Eritrean Parliament and abolishing the federal government, it led to widespread discontent amongst the Eritrean people which caused for the rebirth of Eritrean nationalism in 1958.

Omar Akito

ቢትወደድ ኣስፍሃ ወልደሚካኤል መን እዮም?

Source Semere Gebre Tensae https://www.facebook.com/semere.gebretensae/posts/10207254011948305

ካብ'ቲ ብ ዘውደ ረታ ዝተጻሕፈ "የኤርትራ ጉዳይ 1941-1963 ካብ ገጽ 484 ክሳብ 535 " ዘርእስቱ ታሪኽ ዝተጸምቈ
ኣቕራቢ፡ ሰመረኣብ ገብረተንሳኤ 6 ሓምለ 2014 ማንሃይም ጀርመን
ኣስፍሃ ወልደሚካኤል ብ 13 መጋቢት 1914 ኣብ ሰገነይቲ፡ ኣከለ ጉዛይ ተወሊዶም፡ ኣብ ከረን "ዘርአ ክህነት" ተባሂሉ ኣብ ዝጽዋዕ ናይ ጥልያን ቤት ትምህርቲ ተማህሩ።
ካብ መበል 18 ዓመት ዕድመኦም ጀሚሮም ከኣ ንዓሰርተ ዓመታት ዝኣክል ከም ተርጓሚ ኮይኖም ሰርሑ።
መንግስቲ ኢጣልያ ንኢትዮጵያ ኣብ ትሕቲ ቁጽጽሩ ኣብ ዘእተወሉ ብ 1936 ከኣ ኣብ ሞያ ምትርጓም ዝኣከብዎ ፍልጠት ንናይ ገዛእቲ ኢትዮጵያ ዱካ ዳኦስታን ጀነራል ናዚን ከገልግሉ ኣብቅዖም።
ብሓገዝ ሰብ ስልጣን መግዛእታዊ ስርዓት ኢጣልያ ናብ ሮም ተላኢኾም ኣብ ትሕቲ ሚኒስትሪ ኮሎንያላዊ ምምሕዳር ናይ ስራሕ ተመኩሮ ድሕሪ ምድላቦም ኣብ ሃገር ኢጣልያ ተሓዪሮም ምስ ዝነበሩ ዓበይቲ ሰበ ስልጣን ኢትዮጵያ ከም መራኽብን መረዳድእን ኮይኖም ኣገልገሉ።
ብ1937 እቲ ግኑን መምህር ፋሺዝም ኤንሪኮ ቸሩሊ ናይ ዱካ ዳኦስታ ኣመሓዳሪ ኢትዮጵያ ምኽትል ኮይኑ ከገልግል ኣብ ዝተመዘዘሉ ግዜ፡ ንኣስፍሃ ናይ ካቢነ ኣባልን መማኸርን ክኾኑ ሸሞም።
ኣብቲ እዋን እቲ ድሌት ኣስፍሃ ኣብ ሮም ጸኒሖም ትምህርቲ ምድላብ እዩ ነይሩ። ቸሩሊ ግን ዘሎካ ፍልጠት ንምምሕዳር ኢትዮጵያ እኹል እዩ ብምባል ናብ ኢትዮጵያ ክምለሱ ቀሰቦም።
ቅድሚ ናብ ኢትዮጵያ ምምልሶም በቲ ዘበርክርትዎ ጽዑቕ ኣገልግሎት ተመጕሶም ካብ ኢድ ሙሶሊኒ ኣብ ፓላሶ ቨነስያ ሹመት መዓርግ ካቫሌሪ ምስ መዳልያ ተዋህቦም።
ኣብ ኣዲስ ኣበባ ክኣትዉ ኸለዉ ከኣ እቲ ኣብ መተካእታ ግራስያኒ ዝተሸመ ሓድሽ ኣመሓዳሪ ኢትዮጵያ ዱካ ዳኦስታ ናይ ፊትኣውራሪነት መዓርግ ሃቦም።
ብድሕሪ ስዕረት ኢጣልያ ኣስፍሃ ኣብ ትሕቲ ሃይለስላሰ እውን ኣገልጊሎም እዮም። ገለ ኢትዮጵያውያን ኣስፍሃ ሽሕኳ መሳርሕቲ መግዛእቲ እጣልያ ይንበሩ ደኣ እምበር መሳርሒ መግዝእቲ ኢጣልያስ ኣይነበሩን፡ እዃ ደኣ ብሕቡእ ንድሕነት ኢትዮጵያ ዝሰርሑ "ስዉር ተጋዳላይ" እዮም ዝነበሩ ክብሉ ከለዉ፤ ገሊኣቶም ከኣ ኣይፋሉን ብጀካ ገለ ደቀቕቲ ዋጋ ዘይብሎም ስርሓት ንኢትዮጵያ ዘበርከትዎ ቁም ነገር የብሎምን ይብሉ። ካልኦት ከኣ ናይ ኣስፍሃ ናይ ዘበነ ፋሽሽት ታሪኽ ዘሕፍርን ሕሱርን እዩ እናበሉ፡
ናይ ናዚ ተርጓሚ፡
ናይ ሙሶሊኒ ተሸላሚ፡
ናይ ዳኦስታ ፊትኣውራሪ፡
ናይ ቸሩሊ ኣማኻሪ"
እናበሉ ይጸርፍዎም ነበሩ።
ኣስፍሃ ሓደ እዋን ኣብ እንግዶት ድራር ኣብ ዝተዓደሙሉ ምሸት ሓደ ደገዝማቲ ከናሽውዎም፡ " ንሕና ዘውጻእናዮ ንድፍታት መጥቃዕቲ ንስኻትኩም ባንዳ ከመይ ጌርኩም ኢኹም ንጸላኢ ተቃልዕዎ ኔርኩም?" ምስ በሎም ኩሉ ሰብ ዝብሎ ጠፊእዎ ሰምቢዱ ኸሎ፡ ኣስፍሃ " ስርሐይ ምትርጓም ደኣ እምበር ሰለያ ኣይነበረን። ካብ ተዛረብኩም ግና፡ ሓርበኛታት ኢና ዝብሉ ተሓቢኦም ናብ ምምሕዳር መግዛእቲ ምስጢራት ክንህበኩም ክንደይ ትኸፍሉና ኢሎም ብኣምሓርኛ ንዝጽሓፍዎ ናይ ጥልመት ደብዳበታት ናብ ቋንቋ ጥልያን ከም ዝተርጎምኩ ይዝክር።" ኢሎም ድሕሪ ምምላሶም እቶም ደገዝማቲ ብሕፍረት ብድድ ኢሎም ከም ዝኸዱ ይንገር።
ድሕሪ ስዕረት ኢጣልያ ኣስፍሃ ናብ ሃገሮም ናብ ኤርትራ ኣይተመልሱን። ምስ ልዑል ኣልጋ ወራሽ ኣስፋ ወሰን ተፋሊጦም ፈለማ ንኣርባዕተ ዓመታት ኣብ ወሎ ከም ዋና ጸሓፊ ኣገልጊሎም። ንጉስ ሃይለ ስላሰ ከኣ ብ 9 ጥቅምቲ 1945 ናይ ትግራይ ዋና ጸሓፊ ክኾኑ ሸሙዎም። ብድሕሪኡ ንሓደ ዓመት ናይ ንብረት መንግስቲ ዋና ዳይረክተር፡ ንኣርባዕተ ዓመታት ድማ ናይ ወጻኢ ጉዳያት ሚኒስትሪ ዋና ዳይረክተር ኮይኖም ኣገልገሉ።
ብዙሕ ግዜ ናብ ኤርትራ እናተመላለሱን ምስ ኣባላት ማሕበር ፍቕሪ ሃገር እናተራኸቡን ከኣ ሓሳባት እናኣከቡ ንምኒስትሪ ጉዳያት ወጻኢ ምኽርታት የስንቑ ነበሩ።
ብ 1952 ምምሕዳር ፈደረሽን ክትከል ከሎ ኣስፍሃ ኣብ ትሕቲ እንዳርጋቸው መሳይ ምኽትል ምስሌነ መንግስቲ ኢትዮጵያ ኣብ ኤርትራ ኮይኖም እሽየሙ ኢሉ ዝሓሰበ ሰብ ኣይነበርን፡ ሃይለስላሰ ግና መዓርግ ፊትኣውራርነት ሰሊሞም ሾምዎም። ሓደ ግዜ ን ተድላ ባይሩ ቀዳማይ መራሕ መንግስቲ ኤርትራ ክትክኡን ካልእ ሕቡእ ውጥናት ከተግብሩን ተባሂሎም ዝተደጎሉ እዮም ነይሮም ክበሃል ይከኣል እዩ። ድሕሪ ምፍራስ ፈደረሽን እውን ፈለማ ሚኒስቴር ፍርዲ፡ ብድሕሪኡ ሚኒስቴር ጥዕና፡ ኣብ መወዳኢታ ከኣ ኣባል ዘውዳዊ ቤት ምኽሪ ኮይኖም ኣገልጊሎኦም እዮም።
ኣዳላዊ ናይዚ ዛንታ " የኤርትራ ጉዳይ፡ ዘውደ ረታ" ኣስፍሃ ክሳብ ሩሖም ትሓልፍ ወዳስን ፈታውን ሃይለስላሰን ዋላውን ብድሕሪ ናጽነር አርትራ ሓሳባቶም ዘይቀየሩ ምንባሮም ይምስክሩሎም።
8 ነሓሰ 1955 ኣስፍሃ መራሕ መንግስቲ ኤርትራ ኮይኖም ተመርጹ። እዚ ስልጣን እዚ ኣብቲ ቅድም ዝጸንሖም ምኽትል ምስሌነ ኢትዮጵያ ደሪቦም እዮም ተቐቢሎሞ። መራሕ መንግስቲ ኤርትራን ምኽትል ምስሌነ መንግስቲ ኢትዮጵያ ኣብ ኤርትራን። ኣብቲ ነዚ መዝነት እዚ ዝረኸብሉ መዓልቲ ኸኣ ነዚ ዝስዕብ ግልያዊ መንፈስ ዘንጸባርቕ ቃል ተዛረቡ፡ " ዋላኳ ኤርትራ ካብተን ካልኦት ኣውራጃታት ዝተፈልየ ምምሕዳር ይሃልዋ፡ እምበር ካብ ቤተ ሰብ ኢትዮጵያ ዝተፈልየትሲ ኣይኮነትን። ነቲ ናይ ንጉሰ ነገስትና ፍቕሪ ኣጽኒዕና ክንሕልዎ ይግብኣና። ኩሉ ኣብ ኢድ ቅዱስ ኣቦና ንጉሰ ንገስት እንተ ኣቐመጥናዮ ደኣ እምበር ባዕለይ እዚ ክገብር፡ እዚ ክፈጥር ምባል ከኣ ኣይጠቕመናን እዩ።"
እምበኣር ናይ ኣስፍሃ መበገስን መደምደምን ዕላማ ፈደረሽን ኣፍሪስካ ኤርትራ ምስ እትዮጵያ ምሕዋስ ምዃኑ ካብ ፈለምኡ ንጹር እዩ ነይሩ።
ኣብ ጽምብል ሽመቶም ኣስፍሃ ነቶም ካብ ስልጣኖም ዝፈንቀልዎም ተድላ ባይሩ ሓወይ እናበሉ እኳ እንተነኣድዎም፡ ተድላ ባይሩ ፈደረሽን ከይፈርስ ዝደልዩ ናይ ኤርትራ ውሽጣዊ ምምሕዳር ከደላድሉ ዝጽዕሩ ስለ ዝነበሩ፡ ካብ ስልጣኖም ሰቕሲቖም ዝገምጠልዎም ባዕሎም ኣስፍሃ ምዃኖም እውን ኣይከሓድዎን።
ዘውደ ረታ ኣብ ጉንበት 1987 ንኣስፍሃ ኣብ ሮም ከም ዝረኸብዎም እሞ፡ ኣስፍሃ፡" ኣብ ፖለቲካ ሓወይን ሓፍተይን ፈታውየይን ምባል የለን። ናይ ተድላ ፈረደራላዊነት ምቅዋመይን፡ ካብ ስልጣኑ ንኽወድቕ ምስርሐይን ኣይክሕድን፡ ብዝገበርክዎ ከኣ ኣይጠዓስን።" ከም ዝበልዎም ይገልጹ
24 መስከረም 1955 ኣስፍሃ ንሓደ ወርሒ ኣብ ስልጣን ድሕሪ ምጽንሖም ናይ ባይቶ ምኽትል ፕሬዚደንት ዝነበሩ ብላታ ደምሳስ ወልደሚካኤል ካብ ስልጣን ከም ዝወርዱ ገበሩ ብቀሺ ዲመጥሮስ ከኣ ተክእዎም።
ብ 1953 ተድላ ባይሩ ብኣፈይ እትዮጵያዊ እየ እናበልኩ ኣብ ግብሪ ግን ንቕዋም መንግስት ኤርትራ ከሐይልን ከደልድልን እየ ኢሎም ከም ዝፈከሩ፡ ብ 1955 ድማ ኣስፍሃ ፈደረሽን ንምፍራስ ጥዑም ኩነታት ክሳዕ ዝረክብ ንቕዋም መንግስት ኤርትራ ከድክምን ከማህምንን እየ በሉ።
ሓደ ናይ ምድኻም ቅዋም ኤርትራ ኸኣ ደጃዝማች ገብረዮሃንስ ተስፋማርያም ዝመርሖም ኣባላት ባይቶ ዘውጽእዎ ንድፊ እዩ።
1. ኣምሓርኛን ትግርኛን ንዓረብ ወጊደን ናይ ኤርትራ ወግዓውያን ቋንቋታት ክኾና
2. ሰማያዊት ባንዴራ ኤርትራ ወሪዳ ሓንቲ ባንዴራ ኢትዮጵያ ጥራሕ ከተምበልብል
3. መንግስቲ ኤርትራ ዝብል ማሕተም ተሪፉ፡ መንግስቲ ኢትዮጵያ ዝብል ጥራሕ ክኸውን
4. ሃይለስላሰ ሓንሳዕ ኣስላማይ ሓንሳዕ ክርስትያን እናባራረዮ ባዕሎም ንኤርትራ መራሕ መንግስቲ ክሾሙላ
ናይ ፓርላመንት ፕረሲደንት እድሪስ መሕመድ ኣደም ግና ዝቐረበ ንድፊ ቅዋም ዓንቀጽ 91 ዘየይፍቅዶ ግህሰት ምዃኑ ኣመልኪቱ ስለ ዝተቓወሞ ግና እቲ ንድፊ ፈሸለ።
ኣስፍሃ ብውዲት ንመሓመድ እድሪስ ኣደም ኣውደቕዎም ብ ሸኽ ሓሚድ ፈረጅ ከም ዝትክኡ ኸኣ ገበሩ።
በዚ ፍሽለት እዚ ዝጎሃዩ ኣስፍሃ ካብተን ተኣሚመን ዝነበራ ነጥቢታት እታ ራብዓይቲ ፡ "ሃይለስላሰ ሓንሳብ ኣስላማይ ሓንሳብ ክርስትያን እናባራረዮ ባዕሎም ንኤርትራ መራሕ መንግስቲ ክሾሙላ" ትብል ክትረግኣሎም ንሃይለ ስላሰ ከጽድቑሎም ለመኑ። ሃይለ ስላሰ ግና ምስ ሰበ ስላጣኖም መኺሮም ፈደረሽን ክሳዕ ዘሎ ቅዋም ፈደረሽን ከም ዘይጥሕሱ መለስሎም።
ኣብ ምምሕዳር ኣስፍሃ ገና ፌደረሽን ከይፈረሰ ኸሎ ብ 24 ታሕሳስ 1959 እታ ሰማያዊት ናይ ኤርትራ ባንዴራ ወሪዳ ሓንቲ ባንዴራ ኢትዮጵያ ከተምበልብል ተወሰነን ተፈጸመን።
ብ 1960 ከኣ እቲ መንግስቲ ኤርትራ ዝብል ኣጸዋውዓ ብ ምምሕዳር ኤርትራ፡ እቲ መራሕ መንግስቲ ኤርትራ ዝብል ድማ ብ ኣመሓዳሪ ኤርትራ ዝብል ከም ዝትካእ ተገብረ።
ለካቲት 14 1961 ኣብ ኢትዮጵያ ፈተነ ዕልዋ መንግስቲ ድሕሪ ምብርዓኑ ኣስፍሃ ናይ ቢተወደድነት መዓርግ ተዋህቦም፡ ንገለ እዋን እውን ንጀነራል ኣብይ ወኪሎም ናይ ኢትዮጵያ ምሉእ ምስሌነ ኮይኖም ኣገልገሉ።
15 ሕዳር 1962 ፈደረሽን ፈረሰ።
ኣስፍሃ ዋላውን ብድሕሪ ናጽነት ኤርትራ ብግብሮም ኣይተጣዕሱን።
" ኣነ ኣብ ምድሪ ኢትዮጵያ ኢየ ዝመውት፡ ስጋይ ከኣ ምስ ሓመድ እታ ዘፍቅራ ኢትዮጵያ እዩ ዝሕወስ " ቃል ኣስፍሃ ወልደሚካኤል ብድሕሪ ናጽነት ኤርትራ 1993
በዚ እውን ዘይጠዓሱ መሃንድስ ቀያስን ፍርሰት ርእሰ ምምሕዳር ኤርትራ ምዃኖም ብቓልን ብግብርን ኣመስከሩ።

Source Semere Gebre Tensae https://www.facebook.com/semere.gebretensae/posts/10207254011948305