When looking back to the history of the beginning of the armed struggle for national liberation, the founder of the ELF Idris M.Adem and other groups of the nobility seceded from the Moslem League (ML: The Moslem League was formed in Keren by Ibrahim Sultan, he was a spokesman for the serfs who sought freedom from the feudal Moslem landoweners in the western plains of the Barca and Anseba valleys and in the eastern lowlands around Massawa. Spence (1984:197) in the late 1940s, and eventually they joined the Unionist (the pro-Ethiopian Unionist Party) instead of working togther with the Ibrahim Sultan for Eritrean independence. This was when they realized that the League was dominated by the serf emancipation movement.

According to Mengesteab (2005:40) "Idris took a group of Moslem lowlanders out of the Moslem League (ML) headed by Ibrahim Sultan Ali, because the League and its leader possessed progressive ideologies with which Idris disagreed. Having eliminated his group from the ML, Idris allied himself with the pro-Ethiopian Unionist Party. This opportunistic maneuvering enabled Idris to become president of the unionist dominante Eritrean parliament.

Idris M.Adem became president of Eritrean parliament after Sheik Ali Mohammad Mussa Radai from 1955 until he was forced by the chief executive to resign in 1957. In the spring of 1959, Idris Mohammed Adem went into exile with Ibrahim Sultan,even though he had split from ML in disagrrement with Ibrahim Sultan in 1949.

Although the ELF and EPLF leaders tried to persuade the public that the Eritrean struggle was started on 1st of September 1961 by the ELF, through commemoration of the armed struggle for national liberation every year on 1st September, the Eritrean people's struggle for independence goes back to the flourishing of the Eritrean political parties in the 1940s, and in the 1950s with the emergence of the following organizations:

1.Workers Syndicate of Eritrea( In late 1952, Ato Wolde-Ab Woldemariam helped found the Workers Synicate Of Eritrea the Syndacato, Workers' strikes and boycotts were used by the Syndacat helped to frustrate Ethiopia's ambition in Eritrea (Gebre-Medhin, 1989)

2.The Young Federalist Association also known in Asmara by their Italian name: Partito Giovanile Federalists Eritrei ( The Young Federalists held their first organizational meeting on Dec.26, 1953. They numbered about 60-80 members and their first leaders was Tesfai Redda from Dekemhare, who was repeatedly imprisoned and tortured. By 1958 the Yound Federalists were part of a widespreaded " Federslist-Independence movement" Their ideology had gone beyond the idea, of simply preserving Eritrean autonomy to seeing Federation as a " stepping stone" towards independence. (Killion 1997, p.50)

3.The Moslem Youth League ( Commonly called simply Shabab) was formed in 1953 along with the Young Federalists. Both organization , however, were composed primarily of young men, representing the new, and much more militantly anti-Ethiopian nationalist, generation of Eritreans who came of age after the demise of European colonial rule (Killion 51)

4. the Eritrean Youth Peace Council. According to Berketeab(2000:169) an organisation called the Eritrean Youth Peace Council emerged, which was am amalgamation of the Youth wing of the Moslem League and the Unionist Party. The Organisation was formed to ensure the implementation of the Federation, and to oppose its encroachment. The workers( dock and railroad workers) defended democratic rights such as strikes, demonstrations and associations enshrined in the Eritrean constitution.

5. Asmara Teachers' Association following the strike the Teachers' Association was banned, its Club closed and its leaders (such as Issayas Tesfai, A bebe Yasin & Tsegai Negash) were briefly arrested

6. Mah'ber Memheyash Hagarawi Limidi ( Association for the Development of National Culture M.M.H.L) was founded in 1957 when its 45 members staged several singing and drama productions in Mendefera and at the Cinema Impero in Asmara ( attended by 3,000. Amine Gebre-Kirstos a participant and worker at the Governmenr Printing Press, along with two other M.M.H.L members were imprisoned and tortured for 3 months following the Asmara show

All the above organisations took an active role in the resistance against the violations of the Federal Constition which were taking place between 1952-1958. For example between 1954 and 1956 sporadic student strikes were common, especialli in Asmara. ;In 1958 a more than two-week strike of workers, students, and self- employed paralyzed Eritrea (Gebre-Medhin (1989: 171 ).

In 1958 a clandestine political movement known as Mahber Sheweate ( Eritrean liberation Movement) was born to conducted resistance to Ethiopian authority in Eritrea. Killion added that the General strike was participated by the workers included the Young Federalists, the Muslim Youth League and the Asmara high school students led by Tuku'e Yehedego ( Killion, 1997: 40).  

According to Gebre-Medhin, Mahber Shewate (Union of Seven) began to coordinate the various sectors of Eritrean struggle in the urban areas of Eritrea as well as Ethiopia. The Eritrean Liberation Movement (Harakat) played a great role in organizing, raising national consciousness through distributing leaflets, and its annua lstudent demonstrations in the main cities.

Alsayed (2009) also states that the Eritrean Liberation Movement (ELM) was a natural and subsequent political development in Eritreans’ struggle for their legitimate right to self-determination. The ELM (1958 – 1965) came about in the wake of Ethiopia’s unilateral violation of the Federation arrangement and the lowering of Eritrea’s legitimate flag.

Harakat(ELM) was initially formed on 2 November 1958 in Port Sudan by Mohammed Said Nawd, Idris Mohammed Hasen, Salih Ahmed Iyay, Osman Mohammed Osman, Hussen El Haj Idris, Habib Gaias,Yasin el-Gade and Mohammed El Hassen Osman.

After Salih, Yasin and Mohammed el-Hassan returned to Eritrea from the meeting of Haraket which was held on 2 November 1958 , Salih Iyay became the reprentative of Harakat in Keren, Yasin was stationed in Asmara represented Kebesa and Mohammed el-Hassan went to Asab.

By April 1959 clandestine cells had been established almost all Eritrean town and the first conference of the ELM was held in Asmara in 1960. According to Ammar (2004) there were 40 participants including: Mohammed Saed Nawd, the ELM co-founder-leader, Salih Iyay, Yassin Uqda, Adem Melekin, Mohammed Burhan Hassen, Ali Berhatu, Tiku’e Yihdego, Kahsai Bahlbi, Mohammed Omar Akito, Abdulkerim Saed Qasim, Sheikh Saddadin Mohammed, Khiyar Hassen Beyan.

Before the conference Salih Iyay was stationed in Keren represented Senihit, Sahel, Baraka and Gash whereas Yasin was stationed in Asmara represented Kebesa. After the conference Asmara became the centre and Yasin, Tuku'e and Mohammed Birhane led the movement ( Bereketeab, 2000:220)

In the process of the Eritrean struggle for independence, the Mahber Shewate or Haaraka had contributed a great deal to narrowing the rift between Christian and Moslem, which had been developed by the Unionists in the 1940s; through employing the slogan “Muslims and Christian are brothers, and their unity makes Eritrea one”The founder of the ELM, all Moslems, were conscious of the harmful effects of the religious divisions which had pitted Christian against Moslem in the 1940s. (Iyob, 1995:100). Killion (1998:142) also added that the ELM started recruting Eritreans under the policy that Moslem and Christian are brother in Eritrea, Ethiopa, Sudan and Saudia Arabia.
The goal of the movement was ‘to wrest the administration of the Eritrean people from Ethiopia by various means ( Markakis 1987: 107)

Markakis ( 1987:107) also states that in 1959 the ELM sent Tahir Ibrahim to contact them. He was met with suspicion verging on hostility, except Wolde Abe Wolde Mariam, who later agreed to become the movement’s representative in Egypt. In connection with this, Killion (1998:433) wrote that the sectarian politics of most of the Muslim exile community in Cairo left Woldeab isolated until 1959. With the rise of the secular Eritrean Liberation Movement ( ELM) whose labour-oriented political programme coincided with Woldeab as own political vision, he returned to political activity serving as the ELM's Cairo representative.
Furthermore, According Markakis ( 1987:107) Tahir returned to Cairo with the same mission in 1960, only to meet with unconcealed hostility this time from the exile led by the former president of the Eritrean Assembly, Idris Mohammed Adem who was then in the process of organising the Eritrean Liberation Front ( ELF) .

Idris Mohammed Adem who went into exile after removing from his post, was one of them, and he displayed exterme hostility towards the formation of the ELM. Bereketeab (2000:184) also adds that the leaders of the ELF, and Idris Mohammed Adem in particular, dislike the stretegy of the ELM to broaden its organisation through recuriting Christians because in their view, it was Christian that delivered Eritrea to Ethiopia in the first place. The above also support by Mengesteab(2005:40) also adds that , Idris launched a vitriolic campagin against ELM and its leaders.Threatened by the youthful and secular orientation of the ELM leadership and by Nawid's early affiliation with the Sudanese Communist Party, Idris Adem roused Eritrean nationalists against the ELM.

Idris was further aggravated by the fact that Woldeab Woldemariam welcomed the formation of the ELM and offered his services to further its cause.In addition to pushing for progressive politics, Woldeab was a Christian highlander, which appalled idris.In the furtherance of sectarian politics, Idris led the creation of a new organization, known as the ELF in 1960.

Using religion and ethnicity, Idris recruited a number of Eritrans from the diaspora, notable among whom were Idris Osman Geladewos, Osman Saleh Sabbe together, they imposed their overlordship on the ELF. Without ideological clarity, political program and organisational accountability, the three ELF leaders began to lead an armed struggle by remote control from Cairo ( Mengesteab 2005; Gebre-Medhin 1989). Markakis( 1987: 108)also mentioned that In the fall of 1961, Ibrahim Sultan, and Idris Mohammed Adam separately visited the Eritrean community in Saudi Arabia to raise support for plans to organise opposition to Ethiopia. There, they were both urged to contact the ELM and possibly join forces. Both stopped in Port Sudan on their way back to Cairo, and met Said Nawid and his colleagues. The meetings were fruitless, and soon afterwards the nascent Eritrean Liberation Front in Cairo, under the leadership of Idris Mohammed Adem, launched a campaign of denunciation against the ELM.

Since formation of the ELF in July 1960, the ELF leaders, instead of working with the ELM for the interest of the Eritrean people against a common enemy, portrayed the ELM as communist in ideology and antireligious. According to the founder of ELM Said Nawid, ELM disagreed over the ELF leadership's belief that they had the sole mandate of represting the Eritrean people.

The leaders of the ELF believed that mandate had been bestowed upon them during the time of political struggle in the 1940s and 1950s. They therefore believed that newly emerging political forces had no legitimacy. Moreover, their view that the Eritrean areana could not accommodate more than one organisation also constituted an irreconcilable point of difference (Bereketeab, 2000:184).

The object of their political and armed campaigns was not only Ethiopia but also the ELM" Because of this motivation, on 1st September 1961 the ELF leaders arbitrarily founded the Eritrean Liberation Army the military wing of the ELF and asked Idris Hamid Awate to head the ELA.

Based on the allegation mentioned earlier, when the unity meeting between ELM and ELF was arranged by the Sudanese government in 1962, neither Idris M. Adem nor Osman S.Sabbe attended it (Iyob, 1995 :104- 105). At this meeting Woldeab Woldemariam was present, and the veteran politician joined the ELM in 1962.

Additionally (Bereketeab, 2000:184) also mentioned it in his book that the ELM made a proposal to the leadership of the ELF to merge the two organisations. However, this proposal however, failed because of the ELF's rejection, and towards the mid-1960s the antagonism between the two organisations reached its peak.

The following five members of the ELM (Harakat)who were among the six killed by the ELF force at Ela Tsada in 1965
Among the dead was the group's leader,Mohammed Saleh a former policeman.